The Importance on Why We Have Birth Control and Abortion - Free Essay Example

In our society everyone has become so quick to judge without the lack of knowledge. Criticism has become the norm. Instead of our country having positive attitudes we have allowed ourselves to feed on all the negativity that surrounds us. People lack knowledge on how important birth control and abortion are. Everyone should have knowledge as to why we have birth control and abortion in our country. Also, birth control and abortion are beneficial for woman in many ways. Unfortunately, the society views these topics as immoral and a destruction to human life. Although birth control and abortion are heavily debated, they should not be contentious. Today, abortion is a very heavily debated topic. However, birth control is just as controversial. Abortion and birth control go hand in hand with each other. Its easy to judge peoples decisions without background knowledge on how we ended up with birth control and abortion. Margaret Sanger was the women to make the term birth control popular and the founder of the birth control movement. Margaret was an early feminist and womens right activist. She faced personal experiences that made her want to fight for womens reproductive healthcare. Margaret also supported abortion because of the eugenics movement. Basically, eugenics is the theory that seeks to improve the human species through selective mating. Otherwise, abortion was immoral to her. Sanger was influential on educating women about sex in the 1900s. Being a nurse, she wanted to be able to help people further than what her job allowed her to do. People dont realize that back in this time-frame woman were terminating their pregnancies on their own. Woman were chancing taking their own lives because of several different reasons whether it be poverty or knowing something was wrong with the pregnancy. Sanger later made a publication that promoted womens rights to have birth control which was illegal under the Comstock Act. This law passed in 1873 made it illegal to distribute materials that could be used as contraceptives. Sanger eventually opened her first birth control clinic in the United States that landed her in trouble, again. Everything Sanger went through ended up falling in to place because she was able to get doctors to prescribe contraceptives to those under medical reasons. Before she had passed away, she was able to get materials in to our country and have the first contraceptive pill available. Sanger was such an important part of womens rights even though she has been criticized for believing in eugenics. If unplanned pregnancies play a pivotal role in explaining poverty rates among females, there is reason to think that providing access to birth control might reduce a womans likelihood of entering poverty. The first contraceptive pill was made available in the 1960s. Although in the beginning unmarried woman who were still minors could not legally obtain the birth control because of the Comstock laws. The legal age for medical care was twenty-one which meant that anyone under twenty-one was considered a minor. Minors werent allowed medical access for the birth control unless they had a parents approval. All woman at age eighteen had access to birth control by 1975. Bailey (2006) estimates that access to the Pill before age 21 resulted in an 8 percent increase in labor-force participation among women ages 26 to 30 and is associated with a 15 percent increase in hours worked among women ages 16 to 30. The birth control pill becoming accessible to woman was an important part of history. Many people see abortion as being morally unacceptable. However, abortion has its importance. Most states have a limit on how far the gestational age can be for it to be aborted. As stated earlier on, abortions are used to help the mother if its unsafe. They are used for crimes such as rape cases. You shouldnt be made to carry a child for nine months after being raped. Also, abortion is used when there is a chance of the child having serious mental issues or there will be a chance of poverty. Long ago abortion was used as a contraceptive. Abortion should be one of womens many rights without having to deal with all the controversy from the public. An important legal case called Roe v. Wade took place in 1973 changing everything for abortion. They stated, Roe was an unmarried pregnant woman who, due to economic hardship and the social stigma of having an illegitimate child, wanted to end her pregnancy with an abortion performed by a licensed physician in safe circumstances. Henry Wade was a District Attorney in Dallas County challenging Jane Roe. Jane Roe was a name they used to protect the privacy of the individual. However, he didnt think she had the right to terminate her pregnancy. However, it was voted that its a womans right to privacy to choose whether she wants to terminate her pregnancy under the fourteenth amendment. Roe v. Wade established a womans legal right to abortion. Its important that everyone understands the background on birth control and abortion, although neither one of these topics should be controversial. We live in a world where the phrase, dont judge a book by its cover fits. Our society is quick to judge without knowing important information. Birth control hasnt been as controversial as abortion has been in our society. However, its just as important as abortion. The Hobby Lobby case created quite a bit of controversy for birth control and womens rights. There were two specific cases that were dealing with the same circumstances regarding birth control. The one case was Hobby Lobby Stores and the other one dealt with the Conestoga Wood Specialties. The controversy was over the Affordable Care Act. Our law is that for-profit corporations are required to provide all employees with all forms of contraceptives at no cost. Several corporations including these two didnt agree that they should have to provide such things that went against their beliefs. Hobby Lobbys belief is that life begins at conception. They believe the morning after pill is destruction that is the same as abortion. Its forbidden by their faith. There was a law passed in 1993 called the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Basically, the law protects peoples religious freedom. With this law the corporations believed they had reasonable guidelines to be exempt from providing their employees with emergency contraceptives. Which led to a very heavily debate that not everyone has the same beliefs as the corporations and the employees should be able to have access to all forms of contraceptives. However, Hobby Lobby Stores and Conestoga Wood Specialties won with the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. The corporations had a solid case for protecting their religious views. It was beneficial for the corporations on their beliefs, however it wasnt beneficial for women in the workplace. Employers must not be able to understand that without giving women access to these contraceptives would result in unwanted pregnancies. If they were getting pregnant than they werent going to be able to keep their employment. It would create a stressful situation of having to find employees all the time. The economy strengthens significantly from women and men being able to work. Its unfair that employers cant put their religious views aside to rightfully allow women to access of all forms of birth control. Another important point would be the controversy on how birth control and abortion became just a womans problem? Surveys have been conducted where men agree that contraceptives should be a joint responsibility. However, men seem to lack knowledge on these topics that are important. Sanger believed that it was more of a womans responsibility. However, that was something women didnt have back in the early 1900s whereas today its a different story. Today women have numerous different options for contraception. However, men have a limited number of options which makes it look like solely the responsibility is on the women. Mens choices are more permanent effects such as not being able to have sex. Its great how far weve came today to be able to have numerous options for woman, but it doesnt give men much responsibility. It takes two people to be involved and it should take two to prevent unwanted outcomes. Unfortunately, this situation will never have equality because women are the ones who conceive the baby. Society needs to understand that to prevent unnecessary controversy. Nobody realizes the benefits that birth control has to offer women. Birth control isnt used just to prevent pregnancies which is why it is so important. Not everyone has the same type of menstrual cycles. Some woman suffer horrendously with irregular periods and heavy long periods. Birth control has allowed woman to live a better life with being able to track when theyll start there period. Menstrual cramps can be just as bad as the stomach flu. Woman also use birth control to control their acne as weird as that may seem. Birth control has came a long way from when Margaret Sanger first started pushing for it. A very important benefit of birth control is that its also used for a medical problem that a lot of woman suffer with. It is called, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome also referred to as PCOS. Basically, with PCOS your hormones are imbalanced which can create several problems. With your hormones having an imbalance it tends to throw off your cycle such as having a hit and miss period. Sometimes when woman do end up getting their period when they havent for a few months it can be more severe than someone having a period monthly. Also, PCOS can cause excess hair growth, acne, and crucial pain. Men could be more crucial about this topic because they dont understand what woman can go through with menstrual cycles. Margaret Sanger wouldve been astonished to see the outcome of what birth control has become to be when it was only started for one purpose. Also, birth control is also used to regulate childbirth. Many people use the term, family planning as to regulate childbirth. Birth control pills contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation which means if an egg doesnt release than there is no way of becoming pregnant. The advantage of birth control is that a woman can plan when she wants to try conceiving. However, every woman is different with how fast theyll start ovulating after stopping the birth control because it will take some time for the system to get back to normal. Some woman begins to ovulate right away as for others it may take a few months to get back to normal. Woman may want to consider what type of birth control they want to go with depending on when they are planning to have children. Not every birth control has the same guidelines. However, its great that we have made progress with birth control for woman to have options. Some woman are responsible by using birth control because they arent trying to have a child. However, sometimes for some reason birth control doesnt work and a woman may end up conceiving. Thats where society starts criticizing saying that these women are irresponsible. Not everyone gets pregnant under the best circumstances like those who are planning to have a child. Some woman arent financially stable to support the child and they know that. Why would a woman want to put a child through not having everything that they need? Many circumstances that often lead to woman getting abortions are partner related issues, health concerns, not mature enough, etc. There are other circumstances such as criminal happenings like rape for instance. A woman more than likely that gets pregnant from being raped is not going to want to have a baby. The society doesnt want to look at any different point of view other than abortion being considered murder. However, it is a responsible decision for woma n to be mature enough to decide whether they are in the right place to be able to provide for the child. During the 1960s, not only did thousands of people march for an end to racist laws discriminating the black but the second wave of feminism was going on. During this time equality for woman was pushed heavily. Woman didnt have employment. There employment consisted of duties in the home. It was much different than how today goes with woman. The second wave focused on things like reproductive rights absence of voice, and employment. Woman during this time were often raped in their own home which leads to a point mentioned early about why woman would self-terminate their pregnancies. The women werent getting pregnant by choice. If women couldnt control how many kids, they were having than they couldnt uphold a job. Important things took place during this era such as the first birth control pill in 1961 which helped women from getting pregnant. Birth control is what women needed to be able to take a stand and fight for themselves. John F. Kennedy was the president at the time of second wave of feminism. Congress had passed an Equal Pay Act for woman facing inequalities. Although the act didnt help much. A Civil Rights Act was later passed that was intended for outlawing discrimination against African Americans. Women were still unsatisfied with what was happening. An organization was established to help gain equal rights as men. It took a long time for women to start gaining equality but once they started they didnt stop. Womens role has changed dramatically. Women having been growing in to political offices and many other important jobs. In 1968, Shirley Chisholm became the first African-American woman elected to Congress. After that, more women were brought into the political atmosphere. To think back in the 1970s there was separate columns under jobs for the women and the men. The second wave of feminism was a roller-coaster for women but it is very important to acknowledge what they went through. One littl e change with birth control made a huge difference in womens lives. The country had a huge significant economic increase from birth control. Birth control was able to decrease fertility rates and increase employment rates. Women were able to pursue things with out having to worry about having an unexpected pregnancy or an unwanted pregnancy. Its hard to get anything done or accomplish goals when you never know when you are going to have an unexpected pregnancy. As for today, woman dont realize how easy they have it. They can use birth control for so many other things plus have a variety of options to choose from. Birth control has come much farther with the different methods theyve been able to provide women with. The social effects for women from the 1960s of being able to have birth control available was significant. Birth control gave women a sense of power that they never had before, and it was only beginning. Women feared that they would always be imprisoned by men in their own households. Only men were able to take part in what was available for employment and higher education because women were stuck at home taking care of their children. Birth control opened doors for women and they finally had control over when they wanted to have children. Many of them wanted a higher education and were able to fulfill their goals. They were able to pursue a career without the fear of unexpected pregnancies or unwanted pregnancies. It would mess a person up if you werent able to have a choice on what you wanted to do with your life. It gave women a new role in society and a sense of relief. The birth control wasnt intended to make such an economic difference like it did. Margaret Sanger was able to achieve more than what she intended on doing. Women took advantage of everything that they were capable of doing like going to school to get a good job that primarily consisted of all men. The pill gave women access to being able to invest in their careers instead of staying home with their children and taking care of the household. They had a choice for the first time. Women that were studying degrees in school were putting off motherhood till middle ages. Having children wasnt the only thing that was being put on delay. Women were getting married later because they could have intercourse without worrying about having an unwanted pregnancy. The pill changed everything for women making the economy a better place. More than 99% of women today have used some type contraceptive method. Not everyone uses or has tried using birth control for the same reason. Back in the 1960s birth control was made for primarily a contraceptive. However, people today use it more for medical reasons. The pill is still the most common type of birth control that is being used even with all the different contraceptive methods that are available. The women who end up with unexpected pregnancies while on birth control often misuse their birth control. While a small portion, about five percent that takes their birth control correctly ends op with an unexpected pregnancy. Having a small percent have complications with pregnancy is amazing considering all the good that birth control has done for our country. There is plenty of information to make people see the significance in birth control and abortion. As expressed, our society has become a place where we are quick to judge. In our country we would rather bring each other down than lift each other up. It should be someones right to be on birth control or have an abortion without having to be questioned or judged. Its important to have knowledge on why we have birth control and abortion in our country. Women would be more appreciative being able to use birth control and abortion knowing the background. Birth control and abortion play a huge role in our history for women. Everyone should be aware of the importance that birth control and abortion have in our society. Although birth control and abortion are heavily debated, they should not be contentious.

A Research Study On Savior Siblings Children Who Are...

For my research paper I am going to write about savior siblings. Savior siblings are children who are conceived through selective assisted reproduction as a potential source of organs or cells for an existing older sibling who has a serious medical condition. I was first interested in this topic when I watched the movie My Sister’s Keeper. My Sister’s Keeper is about a 10–year-old girl who decides to sue her parents after forcing her to donate her kidney to her sister who is dying of leukemia. My research first began when I googled board questions about this topic such as, is it morally right to create a savior sibling? I soon decided that many people will have a lot of different views on this topic. I thought it would be too difficult to come to a conclusion when researching such an opinionated question and involves a lot of emotion. I also decided not to make this my research question because I realized it is ultimately up to the parents to see how far they wil l go to save their sick child. I haven’t learned yet about the details of the effects of each member of the family. Most articles I have come across include the effects of the savior sibling and the parents, but they fail to mention the â€Å"other† child and the sick child. I feel like I have a knowledge gap when it comes to the detailed effects that children and parents have to face in their daily lives. I wish to dig deeper into how their personal lives are effected. I also want to find more information about theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesby Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson EducationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesadvancement for an unprecedented number of people that soared well into the hundreds of millions by century’s end. But for a clear majority of these migrants, movement was coerced by flight from war and oppression or was enticed by labor recruiters who preyed on the desperately poor. The prospects for the great majority were almost invariably lives of drudge labor in urban sweatshops, on tropical plantations, or on the wharves of an expansive, global export economy. Throughout the century, advances

Case Analysis Celebrity Crime Trials - 1111 Words

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Religious And Personal Beliefs Of The United States

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However, some people still don’t find gay marriage socially acceptable. In 2008, California’s Congress passed Proposition 8 which claimed that gay marriage was unacceptable. This caused controversy with their views that homosexual relationships were â€Å"unworthy of

Shakespeare s King Lear And The Winter s Tale - 1718 Words

A prevailing theme in Shakespeare’s King Lear and The Winter’s Tale is the possibility of reconciliation. Both rulers, Lear and Leontes, allow their political authority to often clash with their internal flaws, but Shakespeare presents these characters in two different settings, each of which equally produce two aspects of redemption that are worthy of discourse. They resolve their mistakes, and with other characters and forcers within each play that aid in their restoration, Lear and Leontes come to find emotional redemption. However, unlike the ending of The Winter’s Tale, where supernatural forces intervene and Leontes’ former life is completely recovered, King Lear is not as fortunate. While Lear achieves emotional redemption and realizes the love and affection of his daughter and closest friends, his life is not restored to its former lever of grandeur. This begs the question of whether complete redemption, encapsulating both the emotional and physic al elements, truly exists in a natural world. King Lear’s character is powerful because it exemplifies the raw, emotional and physical journey of the human condition. He embodies all the trademarks of a man with high standing. He seemingly has within his control a kingdom that he wields with authority, great wealth, and he is held in high esteem by his followers. In the early lines of the play, Lear takes possession of his supremacy in dividing the entirety of his kingdom to his daughters, solely based on which of hisShow MoreRelated The Northern Lights2820 Words   |  12 PagesLights I hardly see how one can begin to consider Shakespeare without finding some way to account for his pervasive presence in the most unlikely contexts: here, there, and everywhere at once. He is a system of northern lights, an aurora borealis visible where most of us will never go. Libraries and playhouses (and cinemas) cannot contain him; he has become a spirit or spell of light, almost too vast to apprehend. Harold Bloom, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human I don’t expect thisRead More Shakespeares World Essay3144 Words   |  13 Pagesevery nation on earth reads, studies and performs the works of William Shakespeare. No writer of any country, nor any age, has ever enjoyed such universal popularity. Neither has any writer been so praised. As William Hazlitt observed, quot;The most striking peculiarity of Shakespeares mind was its generic quality, its power of communication with all other minds.quot; It is perhaps this quality that has earned Shakespeare the supreme accolade, that of lending his name to an era. Other than aRead MoreQueen Elizabeths Lasting Effect on Theater Essay1800 Words   |  8 PagesElizabeths forty-five year reign, she protected and uplifted the adult and boy companies, when enemies from the clergy and sometimes the council sought to put them down (Clunes 27). To the Queens interest, some six to ten plays were given every winter at court and she saw many others when in progress throughout the country or while attending weddings or banquets in London.(Clunes 27) Within time, Elizabeth was awarding more performances in court. That is one of the ways Elizabeth helped the theaterRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 PagesIntroduction 3 2. Early History 6 The Greek and Roman Eras: 50 B.C.-A.D. 500 6 The Middle Ages: 500-1500 6 The Renaissance: 1500-1650 7 The Rise of Puritanism and John Locke: Late 1600s 8 3. Beginning of Children’s Literature: Late 1700s 10 4. Fairy and Folk Tales 12 The Golden Age of Children’s Literature: Late 1800s 12 5. Victorian Childrens Literature 16 6. Contemporary Childrens Literature 18 6. Analysis of Harry Potters’ series 21 7. Conclusion 30 8. Summary 31 Children’s Literature Definitions 31 The

Economics Oligopoly Free Essays

Main economic features of an Oligopoly and key economic theories of price fixing. This part of the coursework aims to identify and explain the main economic features of an Oligopoly and also the key economic theories which influence the price of a product or service. This part deals with the theoretical aspects of Oligopoly and the later part emphasizes on the practical applications of the theories and oligopoly features. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics Oligopoly or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Pass et al (2000), â€Å"Oligopoly, a type of market structure is characterised by a few firms and many buyers, where the bulk of market supply is in the control of relatively few large firms who in turn sell to many small buyers†. To describe the degree of oligopoly, concentration ratio is often utilized. Concentration ratio is the measure of the market share of the largest four firms in the industry expressed as a percentage. A low concentration ratio suggests a high level of competition and vice versa for. As there are few players dominating the industry, each player or an oligopolist is said or likely to be aware of others course of actions. The decision taken by one player seems to affect the decision taken by others and strategic planning by the firms needs to take into account the likely response of other participants (Wikipedia, 2010). For example, a proper game of chess depends on how well you read your opponent’s moves, similarly in oligopoly; strategies are devised based on the moves of competing market firms. The reason for existence oligopoly as stated by Maunder et al (1991) is for the achievement of economies of scale. Firms tend to reduce their average cost of production by increasing their scale of operation and since the small firms have higher average costs, they tend to go out of business or be absorbed by the larger ones. The features of oligopoly are:- a. Number of Firms:-The very important feature of an oligopoly is the number of firms. Even though there are a large number of firms operating in a particular industry, only a handful of firms hold the major share between them. . Interdependence: – A very distinctive feature of an oligopoly is interdependence. When a very few large firms operate in a particular industry, their activities or strategy cannot be independent of each other. Unlike monopoly, where the monopolist need not worry about the reaction of its rivals as there are none, an oligopolist takes into consideration the possible reactions of all rival firms. For example, a company considering a price reduction of its products may wish to estimate the chances of price reduction by the rival company and hence starting a price war. . Profit Maximization Condition: – The firms in an oligopoly generally agree to co-operate and act as one monopolist as it generates high profits (Begg and Ward 2007). This kind of formal collusive agreement is called a cartel. An oligopoly maximises profits where the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. This is also known as profit maximization condition. Price ELASTIC UNIT ELASTIC P MC, AC PROFIT MAXIMIZING OUTPUT O MR Quantity (Source: Begg and Ward 2007) d. Perfect Knowledge: – Oligopolists are said to have a perfect knowledge about their cost and demand functions but a lesser information about other firms (Wikipedia, 2010). e. Entry Barrier: – One of the main important features of oligopoly also is the entry barrier. There are high entry barriers that restrain a new firm from entering a market. For example, the barriers can be the economies of scale, access to expensive and complex technology, lower costs for an established firm, brand loyalty, patented production process and strategic action by incumbent firms etc. The table below gives the market concentration in different industries. As discussed earlier, the large few firms form a cartel and set a price. Once the members of the cartel agree on the price, they compete against each other using non price competition in order to gain the maximum revenue. There are other various ways in which the firms fix the price. One of them being tacit collusion, where the firms agree on a price set by an established leader. This is also known as dominant firm price leadership as the price setting firm is the dominant firm in the industry. The other way is the barometric firm price leadership, where the price leader is the one whose prices reflect the market conditions in the most stable form (Sloman et al, 2010). To fix prices, the producers must be able to control the market supply. The other forms of price fixing in tacit collusion is average cost pricing, where producers add a certain percentage of profit on top of average costs and price benchmarking, where firms raise the price only up to a benchmark already set. Price fixing is achieved by the competing firms coming together on a platform where they can agree on a common pricing and production strategy thus acting in a manner in which a monopoly operates. This kind of collusion is known as cartelisation. Cartels although banned in many countries, is difficult for the enforcement agencies to gather evidence and penalise the participants. The quantity for the cartel and the individual firm will not be the same as one firm individually will have the scope for further increase in productivity to achieve a situation where the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue. In such cases firms may decide to go ahead with excess supply which can lead to a price war and inconsistent revenues to the industry. Even without overt collusion firms in an oligopoly are able to reach a point of profit maximisation when they behave in a manner reflected in â€Å"Nash Equilibrium† (Begg and Ward 2007). 2B) Direct to Home (DTH) television industry in India acting as an oligopoly. India has a total television population of about 135 million of which about 108 million have an access to cable and satellite television (Plugged in, 2010). The total DTH sub base at the end of first quarter in the year 2010 was 23 million (Dish TV India Ltd, 2010) which was about just 1 million in the year 2006. Indian DTH industry has seen a flurry of activities in the recent years after a monopolistic reign by Dish TV for a couple of years. It is currently in a state of Oligopoly with the top four operators controlling nearly 80% of the total market. The major players in the market are Dish TV by Zee group, TataSky- a joint venture by Tata and Star TV, Big TV by Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, Digital TV by Bharati Telemedia and SUN Direct from Sun TV. Since there are only 3 major players in the DTH market, Indian DTH industry is an oligopoly. (Indiadth, 2010) The product offering by the rival firms are more or less similar in nature with little or no product differentiation. Amongst all the players, Sun Direct has essentially remained a regional operator who made a late debut in the national scene. The content or the channels are same with all the operators barring few omissions and additions. The DTH industry market share is as follows. BRAND| MARKET SHARE| Dish TV| 30%| TataSky| 22%| Sun Direct| 25%| Big Tv| 13%| Airtel| 8%| D2H| 2%| (Source: http://www. pluggd. in/dth-industry-in-india-analysis-297/) From the data above we can see that Dish TV, TataSky and Sun Direct together hold the maximum market share with over 75%. (Source: http://www. slideshare. net/) To confirm the oligopoly, we can use the Herfindahl-Hirschman index or the HHI. It measures the size of the firms in relation to the industry and also indicates the amount of competition between them. Mathematically, (Adapted from Pass et al, 2000) Here Si = market share of firm i in the market and N is the number of firms. Hence H = 302 + 222 + 252 + 132 + 82 + 22 H = 2246. With this value of H we can conclude that this industry is an oligopoly. Although there is no indication of an overt collusion in the industry, a closer look at their price plan (fig 1. 1) can lead us to a strategic or tacit understanding between the players. The market is abuzz with marketing drives to garner market share and the customer is currently loaded with freebies like free installation, free channels and the like. Going by the level of investment and infrastructure the operators need to garner as much subscriber base as possible to be in a profitable proposition. They are however aware of the competition and are refraining from a price war. Such behaviour of the operators is characteristic of a non-price competition in Oligopoly. This is due to the interdependency of firms in the oligopoly and the strategic behaviour can also be referred to the â€Å"Nash Equilibrium† (Begg and Ward 2007). (Source: Slideshare. net/researchonIndia) Brand Name| PricePlan(inINR)/month| Dish TV| 135. 0| TataSky| 150. 00| Sun Direct| 115. 00| Videocon| 136. 00| Fig: 1. 1 (Source: Company websites, 2010) Now as in any oligopoly, it has to be supported by entry barriers, both endogenous and exogenous. The natural barrier of entry in this particular industry is primarily associated with government licensing and also the intensity of capital investment required. Given that all the DTH operators are already estab lished players in related sectors such as telecom, media it gives them a strategic advantage in terms of distribution and content. For any new entrant it could pose as a strategic entry barrier. Indian DTH market has constantly been attracting different players over the years given the increasing number of television subscribers. Although there have been entry barriers, companies like Videocon along with its cutting edge technology entered into the market in the presence of established players. The cutting edge technology proved to be a barrier breaker. Videocon managed to build television sets with set top boxes which helped it develop its own customer base. References Begg, D. , and Ward, D. (2007). Economics for Business, 2nd edition. Berkshire: McGraw Hill Publication. Christopher Pass, Bryan Lowes and Leslie Davies (2000). Economics, 3rd edition. HarperCollins Publishers. DTH, (2010). http://www. pluggd. in/dth-industry-in-india-analysis-297/ [Accessed 21/11/2010] Dish TV, (2010). http://www. dishtv. in/packages. aspx [Accessed 21/11/2010] Indiadth, (2010). http://www. indiadth. in/ [Accessed 22/11/2010] Maunder, P. , Myers, D. , Wall, N. , and Miller, R. L. 1991) Economics Explained, 2nd edition. Collins Educational. Sloman, J. , and Hinde, K. (2007). Economics for business, 4th edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Sun Direct, (2010). http://www. sundirect. com/packages. php [Accessed 22/11/2010] Tata Sky, (2010). http://www. tatasky. com/channel-packages. html [Accessed 22/11/2010] Videocon, (2010). http://www. videocond2h. com/wsc/packages. html [Accessed 22/11/2010] Wikipedia, (2010). Oligopoly. http://en. wikipedia. org/wi ki/Oligopoly [Accessed 21/11/2010)] How to cite Economics Oligopoly, Papers

Marketing Management Exploratory Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management for Exploratory Analysis. Answer: Introduction: A brand can be defined as a product or service that helps in distinguishing from other products and services. A brand community can be defined as a community developed on the basis of attachment to a product (Marzocchi, Morandin, Bergami, 2013). According to Stratton Northcote (2014), brand and brand communities play a significant role and is a part of the continuum. The brand communities can be perceived as symbols and this essay attempts to map out the features of brand communities. This essay attempts to address the problems and challenges faced in marketing and general management decisions. The essay is an opportunity to make strategic decision choices based on the conceptual frameworks. The brand community is seen as a social category consisting of customers who feel united as they have common affiliation towards the brands. However, there is a need to differentiate between brand enthusiasts and brand communities. In simple terms, bran community can be defined as a group of pe ople who possess common interests and construct their own language, hierarchy, myths and values (Marzocchi, Morandin, Bergami, 2013). A community is built on social networks. According to the sociological theory of brand community, there are social interactions that remove stress, classify opinion of people and attract sympathy (Hur, Ahn, Kim, 2011). There are different reasons why people would want to join a brand community. Apple, a multinational technology company does not behave like a social company who develops marketing strategies on Twitter or Facebook. However, the company has successfully created a brand community and lives by its slogan Think Different (Stratton Northcote, 2014). The company has brought together a group of people who feel a sense of belonging when they consume Apple products (Businessinsider.com, 2016). Historically, Apple has several failed products but the advertisements with the slogan Im a Mac that was endorsed by Justin Long, a Hollywood actor added to Apples success. Apple has grown as a brand community and created social positioning. The brand addressed the resistance that was a ssociated with Malcolm X, Cesar Chavez and the Dalai Lama and created hedonic experiences and sought technological innovation (Stratton Northcote, 2014). According to the Brand Community Triad, customers are the central component of brand communities. There are several relations that are considered by the brand community: between customer and another customer, customer and product, customer and brand, and customer and marketer (Lee Kang, 2013). Firstly, as customer-customer relation, brand communities help in bringing people together and it is important for a community to create a connection between customers if they interest in a specific brand. Secondly, as customer- product relation, the customers share their extraordinary experiences of the product with the company. Thirdly, as customer-brand relation, the brand communities are formed because of specific brand interest. Lastly, as customer-marketer relations, the employers of other companies may participate in community building by creating campaigns, festivals and meetings (Lee Kang, 2013). In reality, a brand community is a business strategy and not a marketing strategy. The c ompanies often commit a mistake of isolating their community building functions. For example, Harley Davidson motorcycle is metonymic rather than definitive. In the year 1985, Harley-Davidson experienced buyback which helped in saving the company from the Japanese competition (Stratton Northcote, 2014). The management formulated the brand community tool as a competitive strategy that helped them in sustaining in the market. Harley has been building a strong brand community based on peoples lifestyle, taste and ethos. Currently, there are over a million members who believe in the strength of the company. The company provided a radical redesign and addressed the demand, produce and support for the community (Stratton Northcote, 2014). According to the consumer culture theory, the customers play a role in co-creating value, competition and become active collaborators in the innovation process of an organization. There are various co-productive activities based on lifestyle, brand, web-communication and brand fests (Stratton Northcote, 2014). With the organizational efforts, the brand users become fans, and fans become devotees. Lomo, a Russian camera company with few adjustable options and inexpensive lenses have undertaken the brand community. The company has become the iconic of experimental analog cameras. The community merged with Holga to create on dual-brand community (Kuo Feng, 2013). Both the users of companies were encouraging each other to continue their effect trials. The products are sold at an expensive price on online sites by the resale of toy cameras. The company has developed its online posting styles over the years. The users of Lomo post their galleries of lomography demonstrating the technolog ical sophistication of the cameras. Every brand must believe in itself. BMW automobile confers itself and has a strong psychological connection with the consumers as they believe in themselves. Other niche companies such as Nike, Porsche and Microsoft have a tendency to underdog the other corporate giants. The owners of BMW are primarily interested in the status and distinctiveness of the brand. In the earlier days, the company was in debt and was losing money. They had an economic downfall and the cars were not sold. However, the company organized various club events (Skln, Pace, Cova, 2015). Another theory is tribal branding in which the marketers can benefit significantly from the consumer devotion to the brands. The neotribes are the ascetic and effervescent group towards the future or in the past. The people of these tribes hold a common wisdom or organic aspect towards the brand (Stratton Northcote, 2014).. The consumer tribes are tied together with a sense of passion and emotional tie due to the consumption of brand. The consumer tribes are seen as action sets where there are group interactions or activities. A very good example of a consumer tribe is the club or forums. Football has the most loyal fans and it is said that one shall never walk alone according to the Liverpool chant. The football fans have a stereotypical loyalty towards the game and the people are extremely passionate towards it. Having fans fulfils the need of sharing and belonging. Football brands such as Liverpool, Manchester United have a wide number of fans worldwide. Not only Manchester Unite d has a worldwide fan-based sporting team, but the company has extended its limit as a television station namely Manchester United Television (MUTV), soccer school, and Theatre of Dreams leisure complex in Hong Kong (Stratton Northcote, 2014).. This is why the company has now become an indistinguishable sporting brand community. It is important for them to understand that the best strategy is to understand the direction in which their fans are headed and pursuing those directions shall help in strengthening the brand community. It is admirable that a sporting brand community put so much effort to raise its profile as a sporting brand (Stratton Northcote, 2014). According to the attribution theory, people have certain behaviour due to situational or personal characteristics. There are three basic forms of community affiliation- pools, hubs and webs (Kuo Feng, 2013). The members of pools are united by shared goals such as Apple devotees or democrats. The pools deliver benefits only to a limited community. The web affiliations are based on one-to-one social connections which are considered as the most appropriate and social forms. Nike provides peer-to-peer support by interacting with members and strengthens its pool and hubs. The companies embrace competition and make the brand communities thrive. The strong companies shall reinforce competitive rivalry and engage with its customers (Ewing, Wagstaff, Powell, 2013). For example, Pepsi gave a tough competition to Coca Cola through its Pepsi Challenge. The brand communities only become stronger by highlighting the limits that define them and not erasing the parameters (Skln, Pace, Cova, 2015) . In the current world, social media plays a critical role in giving the organizations a buzz. The online social networks serve as valuable community functions. The transient and shallow nature of social relationships can lead to a weak bond. Companies such as Loreal follow tactics and strategies such as in-store customer bulletin board and employee volunteerism that helps in building strong communities. Brand communities are a form of controlling illusion. The companies build a design philosophy and balancing the structure. Often people join brand communities to build new relationships and they are interested in creating social links (Brodie et al., 2013). Conclusively, any brand can form a community strategy but it is not possible for every brand to pull it off. For executing the brand community effectively, there is a need of organization-wide comment and effort to go beyond the functional boundaries. The organizations need to re-examine their company values so that they can meet people to agree on their terms and accept their package. A strong brand community helps in strengthening customer loyalty, decreasing the marketing costs and yielding higher revenue. If the brand community is set right, the benefits gained shall be irrefutable. Brand communities are not necessary for a business to succeed, but a set of passionate customers can be generated due to formation of strong brand communities. References Brodie, R., Ilic, A., Juric, B., Hollebeek, L. (2013). Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community: An exploratory analysis.Journal Of Business Research,66(1), 105-114. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.029 Businessinsider.com,. (2016).From The 'Apple Lisa' To The U2 iPod: Apple Products That Totally Flopped.Businessinsider.com. Retrieved 1 September 2016, from https://www.businessinsider.com/10-old-apple-products-that-totally-failed-2013-11?IR=T#the-power-mac-g4-cube-2000-2001-9 Ewing, M., Wagstaff, P., Powell, I. (2013). Brand rivalry and community conflict.Journal Of Business Research,66(1), 4-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.017 Hur, W., Ahn, K., Kim, M. (2011). Building brand loyalty through managing brand community commitment.Management Decision,49(7), 1194-1213. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251741111151217 Kuo, Y. Feng, L. (2013). Relationships among community interaction characteristics, perceived benefits, community commitment, and oppositional brand loyalty in online brand communities.International Journal Of Information Management,33(6), 948-962. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.08.005 Lee Myung Soo Kang,. (2013). The Effect of Crisis and Consumer Loss Type on Consumer Brand Relationship and Brand Attitude: With a Focus on Recovery Action Type and Brand Personality.Journal Of Consumption Culture,16(3), 147-167. https://dx.doi.org/10.17053/jcc.2013.16.3.007 Marzocchi, G., Morandin, G., Bergami, M. (2013). Brand communities: loyal to the community or the brand?.European Journal Of Marketing,47(1/2), 93-114. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561311285475 Skln, P., Pace, S., Cova, B. (2015). Firm-brand community value co-creation as alignment of practices.European Journal Of Marketing,49(3/4), 596-620. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2013-0409 Stratton, G. Northcote, J. (2014). When totems beget clans: The brand symbol as the defining marker of brand communities.Journal Of Consumer Culture,16(2), 493-509. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540514528194.